Umkhonto we Sizwe (Military wing of the African National Congress): We are at War! (Dec 16, 1961)
Umkhonto We Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”) was founded partly in response to the notorious Sharpeville Massacre of March 1960. Its leader, Nelson Mandela, was to be arrested shortly after this manifesto was published, eventually being sentenced to life in prison, though he was released in 1990, with the end of apartheid. Read more…


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